Emoji Language Reference Grammar
Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Phonology
- 3 Writing system
- 4 Morphology
- 5 Syntax
- 6 Pragmatics
- 7 Lexicon
- 8 Appendix
- 9 Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
1 Introduction
The Emoji Language (๐๐ฌ) is a constructed language with a logographic writing system that consists solely of Unicode Emoji. It was created by Thomas Heller in 2021. The language exhibits an agglutinative morphology and VSO syntax.
More information about the Emoji Language can be found on the Emoji Language website at: https://tmh.conlang.org/emoji-language/
1.1 Goals
The goal of the Emoji Language project was to prove that Unicode Emoji can be used to build a fully functioning language that can potentially be used for everyday conversation.
At the same time, I wanted to make the language actually practical to use and avoid needless complexity in the grammar, so that people could actually have fun using the language.
Also, from a technical point of view, the language is supposed to work with any recent device that supports Unicode Emoji, without installing extra software.
1.2 Challenges
1.2.1 Abstract emoji
Unicode Emoji already contain a lot of symbols that can be used to represent specific, tangible concepts without having to tweak their definitions.
For example, the emoji ๐ and ๐ธ can be added to the dictionary straight away as nouns symbolizing "apple" and "guitar", respectively.
However, due to their static visual nature, emoji make it difficult to express more abstract and dynamic concepts:
- Copular and modal verbs (e.g. "to be", "must")
- Verbs in general (e.g. "to give", "to take")
- Nouns for categories (e.g. "animal", "fruit")
There is a limited number of abstract emoji -- such as arrows -- that can be used to express abstract concepts, like tense or location. When defining the lexicon, I had to find a good balance in an attempt not to waste these rare symbols.
It quickly became apparent that identical emoji would have to be used for both noun and verbs meanings. Such homonyms prevent the reader from recognizing the lexical category of an emoji by just looking at it, but are necessary to express basic concepts with the limit set of Unicode Emoji.
1.2.2 Ambiguous emoji
Since emoji have been around several years, people already developed habits regarding their use, and not everyone agrees on the meaning of certain emoji.
The Emoji Language, however, must be quite strict when defining the meaning of some emoji, to ensure that basic concepts can be expressed unambiguously.
For very common emoji like ๐ and ๐ I tried to stick with their familiar meaning. Nonetheless, Emoji Language is a language in its own right. Like with other foreign languages, and even though it seems partially familiar, its vocabulary must be learned explicitly.
1.2.3 Rejected emoji
Several emoji proposals were already rejected1 and thus must be represented using existing emoji.
1.2.4 "Twin" emoji
A few emoji exist in pairs with little or almost no discernible difference, such as:
- ๐ and ๐ (some fonts even depict both pins with the same angle)
- ๐ and ๐ (some fonts even depict both cars with the same color)
To avoid possible confusion for the readers, the best course of action was often to declare these emoji as synonymous, with the obvious downside of reducing the number of available emoji further.
1.3 Foundation
The Emoji Language is currently based on the Full Emoji List (v13.0), available from the Unicode Consortium: https://unicode.org/emoji/charts-13.0/full-emoji-list.html
That list contains a total of 3,304 emoji when taking all possible combinations of gender, skin tone and other modifiers into account.2
Some emoji3 are available as both a black and white as well as a color variant. In such cases, the color variant should be used whenever possible, to keep the presentation of emoji consistent.
2 Phonology
As Emoji Language is primarily a visual language, there isn't any phonology per se, and, technically speaking, there are no phonemes or syllables.
2.1 Spelling Emoji Language
Even though Emoji Language doesn't have any pronunciation by itself there is a need to communicate individual emoji symbols verbally, like when teaching Emoji Language to others or discussing Emoji Language in general in another language.
In such instances, the CLDR Short Name from the Full Emoji List mentioned above should be used to refer to individual emoji symbols.4
3 Writing system
Emoji Language is written using Unicode Emoji and therefore does not make use of any other familiar glyphs such as letters of the Latin alphabet or punctuation.
(For more information about spelling names from the Latin alphabet, see the Flag spelling section.)
3.1 Spacing
Each word is separated by horizontal spacing.
Because there is no emoji symbol that represents a full stop, each sentence must start in a new line. To increase readability, it is recommended to add one extra blank line between sentences, and two between paragraphs.
Emoji Language is typically written from left to right, however, if the default text direction of the writer's input device is right to left and the reader expects it as well, this writing direction is by all means acceptable as well.
3.2 Punctuation
The gesture โ is used for quotation marks, for example:
Aside from that, there are no distinct punctuation marks, although the symmetric subordinate clause emoji serve a similar purpose (see Subordinate clauses).
3.3 Digital input
To make Emoji Language work in practice, people need some way to input emoji quickly and easily. Current smartphone keyboards usually hold a history of recently used emoji for fast access, which is a step in the right direction, and they usually offer to search for emoji by CLDR Short Name a well.
As a rule of thumb, people should not need to type more keystrokes to enter an emoji than they would need to enter the corresponding word in English. To optimize emoji input on desktop devices further, I have created an experimental Emoji Input Tool that can be found here: https://tmh.conlang.org/emoji-language/emoji-input.html
4 Morphology
Technically speaking, a single emoji could be considered a single morpheme.
Looking at the Unicode Emoji standard, there are several emoji that consist of multiple emoji characters internally which are concatenated by invisible "zero width joiner" (ZWJ) characters to form a
These emoji would still be considered single morphemes, because they are intended to be displayed as single emoji. If such emoji show up as separate images, it is just due to technical limitations, not by design.
Examples:
- ๐ A single emoji (rocket) that would be considered a single morpheme.
- ๐งโ๐ณ An emoji ZWJ sequence. Technically made up of multiple characters: "person" (๐ง) and "cooking pan" (๐ณ). Should be displayed as a single emoji on modern devices. Either way, it would be considered a single morpheme.
- ๐๐ฅฃ Two separate emoji (sheep, bowl) which would be considered multiple morphemes.
Usually, Emoji Language words are made up of single morphemes. If they have prefixes and/or suffixes, or are compound words, they will consist of multiple morphemes.
Words in Emoji Language belong to one of the following word classes:
- Nouns (n.)
- Verbs (v.)
- Adjectives (adj.)
- Adverbs (adv.)
- Pronouns (pp., dem., int., rel.)
- Conjunctions (conj.)
- Interjections (interj.)
- Quantifiers (num.)
In addition, some emoji are used for the following purposes:
- Prefixes (possessive, demonstrative, locative, interrogative, negation, mood)
- Suffixes (tense, comparison, ordinality)
- Punctuation ("โ")
All word classes are quasi-closed classes. Aside from noun compounding it is not possible to add new words to the language, because there is no straightfoward technical way for us to include new emoji that would be available to all users without installing extra software on their devices.
The only way for new root words to be added to Emoji Language is for the Unicode Consortium to publish a new version of the Emoji standard, so definitions for them can be added in the Emoji Language dictionary. It is possible to submit proposals5 for new emoji directly to the Unicode Consortium though.
4.1 Nouns
Nouns are inflected for number, possession, and demonstrativeness by affixation.
Also, nouns can be modified using locative prefixes and the instrumental, benefactive, and equative prefixes.
Definiteness is not explicitly marked, however, the demonstrative prefixes can be used to convey a similar meaning if it's not obvious from context.
4.1.1 Number
Emoji Language distinguishes between singular and plural. By default, nouns are considered singular. Plural is indicated by reduplication:
Number | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
singular | ๐ | house |
plural | ๐ ๐ | houses |
In compound nouns, only the last symbol is reduplicated:
Number | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
singular | โ๐พ | timezone |
plural | โ๐พ๐พ | timezones |
4.1.2 Possession
There are six possessive prefixes -- singular and plural for each of the three persons:
Person | Number | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
first | singular | ๐๐ซ | my camel |
second | singular | ๐๐ซ | your camel [sg.] |
third | singular | ๐๐ซ | his/her/its camel |
first | plural | ๐๐๐ซ | our camel |
second | plural | ๐๐๐ซ | your camel [pl.] |
third | plural | ๐๐๐ซ | their camel |
By default, possessive prefixes are not gender-specific, however, if needed, the following gender prefixes can be used for third person possessive prefixes:
Person | Number | Gender | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|
third | singular | male | ๐จ๐๐ซ | his camel |
third | singular | female | ๐ฉ๐๐ซ | her camel |
third | plural | male | ๐จ๐๐๐ซ | their [male] camel |
third | plural | female | ๐ฉ๐๐๐ซ | their [female] camel |
Possession can also be indicated using the verb ๐ (to have sth., to own sth.), as in:
There is no genitive case in Emoji Language to express possession. Instead, compounding or relative clauses are used (see the Compound nouns and Relative clauses sections, respectively).
4.1.3 Demonstrativeness
The demonstrative prefixes ๐ค and ๐ can be used to refer to objects close to or far away from the speaker, respectively:
Distance | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
proximal | ๐ค๐ณ | this tree |
distal | ๐๐ณ | that tree |
For plural nouns, the prefix is reduplicated as well:
Distance | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
proximal | ๐ค๐ค๐๐ | these dresses |
distal | ๐๐๐๐ | those dresses |
Demonstrative prefixes can also be used to convey a sense of definiteness.
4.1.4 Locative prefixes
Emoji Language has a variety of locative prefixes that can be used to indicate the place or motion of an event:
Prefix | Description | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
๐ | at | ๐๐๐ | at my house |
๐ | on top of | ๐๐๏ธ | on the sofa |
โช๏ธ | to, towards | โช๏ธโช | to church |
โฉ๏ธ | from | โฉ๏ธโ๏ธ๐ | from the airport |
๐ฅ | into, inside | ๐ฅ๐๏ธ | into the river |
๐ค | out of, outside | ๐ค๐ | out of the train |
โคด๏ธ / ๐ | up | โคด๏ธโฐ๏ธ | up the mountain |
โ๏ธ | over, across, above | โ๏ธ๐พ๐พ | across the field |
โคต๏ธ | down | โคต๏ธ๐๏ธ | down the sofa |
๐ | around | ๐โ ๏ธ | around the danger |
โ๏ธ | through | โ๏ธ๐ฒ๐ณ | through the forest |
๐ | between, among | ๐๐ท๐ท | among the flowers |
๐ | behind | ๐๐ | behind the fog |
โฌ๏ธ | below | โฌ๏ธโ๏ธโ๏ธ | below the clouds |
โฌ๏ธ | ahead, in front of | โฌ๏ธ๐๐ | ahead of us |
๐ | close to, near | ๐๐ | near the sea |
โฌ ๏ธ | left of | โฌ ๏ธ๐ณ | to the left of the tree |
โก๏ธ | right of | โก๏ธโช | to the right of the church |
๐ | opposite to | ๐๐ซ | opposite to the school |
โ๏ธ | at a distance | โ๏ธ๐ก | far from home |
The following examples sentences demonstrate the use of locative prefixes in context:
4.1.5 Instrumental prefix
The instrumental prefix is used to express the means by which an action was carried out. In the narrow sense, this refers to some tool or device. However, the instrumental prefix can also be used to refer to people or abstract concepts.
4.1.6 Benefactive prefix
The benefactive prefix indicates the benefit or beneficiary of an action:
4.1.7 Equative prefix
The equative prefix shows how the action compares to another noun phrase:
4.1.8 Compound nouns
Multiple noun emoji can be used to form noun compounds, for example ๐ (car) and ๐ (key) can be combined to form ๐๐ (car key).
In compounds, the left emoji narrows down the meaning of the right emoji. Technically speaking, compounds are "left grouping".
Longer compounds can be formed as well, for example ๐ซ๐ญ๐ช (chocolate factory door), which means "the door of a factory that produces chocolate"6.
In theory, there is no limit to the length of compounds. In practice, compounds should probably be limited to three emoji. For more complex expressions, relative clauses are preferable (see Relative clauses).
4.2 Pronouns
Pronouns are very similar to possessive and demonstrative suffixes.
4.2.1 Personal pronouns
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
first | ๐ "I" | ๐๐ "we" |
second | ๐ "you" | ๐๐ "you" |
third | ๐ "he/she/it" | ๐๐ "they" |
The personal pronouns are loosely based on American Sign Language (ASL) gestures. Emoji don't quite match the actual perspective, but are intended as an approximation: Imagine a bird's eye view where the speaker is in the top center and the listener in the bottom center.
If needed, there are also gender-specific variants of the third person personal pronouns:
Person | Gender | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
third | male | ๐จ๐ "he" | ๐จ๐๐ "they" [male] |
third | female | ๐ฉ๐ "she" | ๐ฉ๐๐ "they" [female] |
4.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns
Distance | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
proximal | ๐ค "this" | ๐ค๐ค "these" |
distal | ๐ "that" | ๐๐ "those" |
Example:
4.2.3 Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns refer back to another noun phrase within the same clause.
Person | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
first | ๐คณ๐ "myself" | ๐คณ๐๐ "ourselves" |
second | ๐คณ๐ "yourself" | ๐คณ๐๐ "yourselves" |
third | ๐คณ๐ "himself/herself/itself" | ๐คณ๐๐ "themselves" |
For the reflexive pronouns, gender-specific variants are also available:
Person | Gender | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
third | male | ๐จ๐คณ๐ "himself" | ๐จ๐คณ๐๐ "themselves" [male] |
third | female | ๐ฉ๐คณ๐ "herself" | ๐ฉ๐คณ๐๐ "themselves" [female] |
Example:
The reflexive pronouns must not be confused with their English use for emphasis. To stress that an action was carried out alone, the ๐จ emoji is used:
4.3 Verbs
Verbs are conjugated for tense and mood.
4.3.1 Tense
Emoji Language distinguishes three tenses: present, past and future. While the present tense is unmarked, the past and future are indicated by appending the tense suffixes โฌ ๏ธ and โก๏ธ respectively:
Tense | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
present | ๐ถ ๐ | I go. |
past | ๐ถโฌ ๏ธ ๐ | I went. |
future | ๐ถโก๏ธ ๐ | I will go. |
When a specific time is given, the verb is conjugated in the same manner, for example:
4.3.2 Mood
The modality of a statement changes depending on the mood prefix of the verb:
Mood | Prefix | Description |
---|---|---|
indicative | (none) | What actually was/is/will be |
imperative | โ | Commands |
hortative | โ | Encouragement |
jussive | โ | Strong wishes |
interrogative | โ | Questions |
subjunctive | ๐ฎ | What could be |
permissive | ๐ | What someone is allowed to do |
obligative | โ๏ธ | What someone must do |
abilitive | ๐ช | What someone is able to do |
desiderative | ๐คค | What someone wants (desires) to do |
negation | โ | What hasn't happened/won't happen |
The following example sentences illustrate the use of subjunctive, permissive, obligative, abilitive, and desiderative mood:
Subjunctive:
Permissive:
Obligative:
Abilitive:
Desiderative:
Negation will be explained in the next section. See also Yes-no questions and Imperative, hortative, jussive for examples with those prefixes.
4.3.3 Negation
An indicative sentence can be negated by prepending โ to the verb:
4.4 Adjectives/Adverbs
Adjectives are directly prepended to nouns, for example:
In noun compounds, the adjective modifies only the first part of the noun, for example ๐ต๐๐ญ (blue shoe factory) is a factory where blue shoes are produced. The color of the factory building itself is not specified in this expression. A good way to state such details are subordinate clauses (see Subordinate clauses).
Adjectives can also be prepended to verbs, serving as adverbs, for example:
4.5 Numerals
The so-called "keycap"7 emoji 0๏ธโฃ to 9๏ธโฃ can be used as absolute quantifiers before nouns. If a specific number is given, plural nouns are reduplicated as usual, as the following table illustrates:
Example | Translation |
---|---|
0๏ธโฃ๐ท | no flower |
1๏ธโฃ๐ท | one flower |
2๏ธโฃ๐ท๐ท | two flowers |
3๏ธโฃ๐ท๐ท | three flowers |
๐๐ท๐ท | ten flowers |
1๏ธโฃ2๏ธโฃ๐ท๐ท | twelve flowers |
4๏ธโฃ2๏ธโฃ7๏ธโฃ๐ท๐ท | four hundred twenty-seven flowers |
As a special case, ๐ can be used as a shorthand for 1๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ, but that is not mandatory.
The ordinal suffix ๐ marks ordinal numbers:
In addition to absolute numerals, the following quantification prefixes can be applied to nouns:
Emoji | Translation |
---|---|
๐ผ | more |
๐ฝ | fewer, less |
โซ | many, most |
โฌ | few, some |
โพ๏ธ | all |
Example sentences:
The quantifiers can also appear as verb prefixes to indicate how often repeated actions happen:
Note that quantifiers always go before the expression that they modify.
4.6 Comparison
Comparative expressions are formed using the suffixes ๐ผ ("more") and ๐ฝ ("less").
Superlative expressions are formed using the suffixes โซ ("most") and โฌ ("least").
The suffixes can be used in several places, such as with adjectives, adverbs and verbs.
Note, however, that comparative and superlative suffixes always go after the expression that they modify, which is what distinguishes them from quantifiers.
4.6.1 Comparing adjectives
Example | Translation |
---|---|
๐ค๐๐ | small shoes |
๐ค๐ผ๐๐ | smaller shoes |
๐คโซ๐๐ | smallest shoes |
Example sentences:
4.6.2 Comparing adverbs
Example | Translation |
---|---|
๐จ๐ | run fast |
๐จ๐ผ๐ | run faster |
๐จโซ๐ | run fastest |
Example sentence:
4.6.3 Comparing verb phrases
Example sentences:
5 Syntax
5.1 Basic statements
The basic word order is VSO (verb--subject--object). This syntax makes it particularly easy to spot which part of the sentence is actually the verb, since many emoji can be used as both nouns and verbs.
Because nominative and accusative case are not marked on the nouns, word order is very important for deciphering the relationship between noun phrases.
Compare the following two examples:
Hence, the subject of a sentence can never be omitted. If the subject is meant to be unspecified, the person symbol ๐ค is used:
Such constructions can be used to translate passive voice constructions from other languages.
5.2 Place, manner and time
After subject and direct object, additional information may be given about location/motion, manner and time:
5.3 Verbal adjunct fronting
In some cases, the default word order of Emoji Language leads to ambiguity.
Consider the following -- admittedly contrived -- example:
The statement can be interpreted in two ways:
First: "I drank {the water for the plants}", in the sense that someone drank the water that was originally meant for the plants. Perhaps due to some kind of dementia, perhaps because no other water was available in an emergency situation.
Second: "I {drank the water} for the plants", in the sense that someone drank water believing it would somehow help the plants. Perhaps because they thought that regularly drinking water themselves would remind them to water the plants.
This kind of ambiguity can be resolved by moving such additional information about place, manner and time towards the front of the sentence, directly behind the verb:
This version of the statement makes it clear that the adjunct "for the plants" indeed belongs to the verb, i.e. the speaker drank the water because they believed it would somehow help the plants (second interpretation above).
In contrast, if a speaker wanted to emphasize that they actually drank the water that was meant for the plants (first interpretation above), they could in this case use noun compounding for clarification:
Note that subject and direct object cannot be moved as freely. Their order must always stay the same, so that their role in the sentence remains recognizable.
5.4 Yes-no questions
To form a yes-no question, the interrogative suffix โ is appended to the conjugated verb. The word order remains unchanged:
5.5 Wh-questions
The interrogative symbol โ also functions as a stand-alone interrogative pronoun, when it is put in the position of subject or object:
Or it can be used to ask for clarification about a given noun:
The interrogative prefix can also be combined with locative prefixes to form interrogative words regarding places and motion:
The above type of question is also possible with all the other locative prefixes described in the Locative prefixes section.
The special possessive prefix โ๐ can be used to ask for the possessor of a noun:
The interrogative prefix โโ (how, literally "what-with") is used to ask for manner:
The interrogative prefix can be combined with the emoji for "cause" (๐) and the benefactive prefix emoji (๐) to ask for the cause or purpose of something, respectively. Both questions are expressed in English with the interrogative pronoun "why?".
The interrogative prefix โโ๏ธ (literally "what-like") is used to ask for similarity:
The interrogative prefix โ๐ข is used to ask for the quantity of a noun:
When asking for quantity, the noun appears in singular form.
The same interrogative prefix can be used with verbs to ask for how many times something happens:
5.6 Imperative, hortative, jussive
To form an imperative expression (command), the verb is put in imperative mood (see also Mood). The subject of the sentence specifices to whom the command is directed:
(Note that the second person pronoun ๐ cannot be omitted.)
When the subject is in the first person plural, the mood becomes hortative, and the sentence is meant to encourage an action:
The use of this verb prefix can be extended to form jussive mood constructions that express strong wishes in a more general way:
5.7 Subordinate clauses
Word order in subordinate clauses is also VSO (verb--subject--object).
5.7.1 Relative clauses
Relative clauses are one method of embedding subordinate clauses into main clauses.
Relative clauses are enclosed by the relative pronoun โฐ, which means a second โฐ is required to mark the end of the subordinate clause, like a comma at the end of subordinate clause.
Simply put, relative clauses allow to make two statements about the same entity, without repeating it in another sentence, for example:
The argument immediately before the relative pronoun, in this case ๐ต๐ญ, is implicitily inserted into the subordinate clause at the subject position.
The relative clause construction is essentially a shorter way of saying the following two separate sentences:
It is also possible to use the relative pronoun โฟ instead, which implies the object position, for example:
That is a simpler way of saying:
Finally, the locatives prefixes, as well as the instrumental, benefactive and equative prefixes, can be combined with the relative pronoun โฐ to form the following relative pronouns:
This is a simpler way of saying the following two sentences:
This type of construction is possible with all other locative prefixes as well, see the Locative prefixes section for a complete list.
The following examples illustrate the instrumental, benefactive, and equative relative pronouns:
In general, relative clauses of the same type cannot be nested by themselves, but content clauses or other types of relative clauses may appear within a relative clause, for example:
5.7.2 Content clauses
Another way of embedding subordinate clauses are content clauses. In this case, the whole subordinate clause -- enclosed by the conjunction ๐ณ -- takes the place of what would otherwise be a simple noun or pronoun:
This is a clearer way of saying:
Content clauses are often used in the context of cognition, perception etc.
Another example that demonstrates this:
(See also Direct speech.)
Like with relative clauses, the locative prefixes as well as instrumental, benfactive and equative prefixes can be used to introduce content clauses:
Content clauses of the same type cannot be nested by themselves, but relative clauses or other types of content clauses may appear within a content clause, for example:
5.8 Conjunctions
The conjunction โ can be used in a cumulative sense, to join multiple verb, subjects, objects or subordinate clauses:
In the same way, the conjunction ๐ works in an alternative sense:
The conjunction โผ is used in to join sentences in an adversative way:
It is also comonly used in the context of comparison (see Comparison).
The conjunctions โถ๏ธ (then) and โ๏ธ (because) form illative constructions:
If the statements are of hypothetical nature, the verb appears in subjunctive mood:
6 Pragmatics
6.1 Greetings
The emoji ๐ is used as a universal greeting, on meeting and parting.
To ask someone how they feel, one may use:
(Note that this can be understood as a prompt for a literal response, and is not necessarily part of an idiomatic greeting.)
6.2 Affirmation/Denial
The emoji ๐ (good, yes), ๐ (okay) and sometimes ๐ (enough) are used to signal affirmation.
Likewise, ๐ (bad, no) is used to deny a statement or request.
6.3 Courtesy
To show courtesy when asking for a favor or to thank someone for something, the ๐ emoji is used.
When asking for something politely, this can be combined with the subjunctive mood:
6.4 Direct speech
The standard word order for direct speech is as follows:
The speech in quotation marks can also be a noun, as in the following example:
Or a content clause:
In practice, however, the syntactic position of quoted statements is rather free.
Usually, they appear at the very end of main clauses:
However, for aesthetic reasons in narrations, they might as well appear before the actual main clause:
6.5 Date and time
A simple way to indicate time of day is using the clock emoji:
Age is expressed through possession:
6.6 Remote past and future
In literary works, the past and future tense markers may appear twice to indicate more distant events:
7 Lexicon
The official Emoji Language dictionary can be found on the website: https://tmh.conlang.org/emoji-language/
7.1 Derivational morphology
There are a few common patterns to derive new vocabulary from existing emoji definitions.
Country flags are choronyms that refer to states and regions, for example ๐ซ๐ท (France) or ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ณ๓ ฃ๓ ด๓ ฟ (Scotland). These flags can be used to derive names of languages spoken in these regions (linguonyms) and people living in these regions (demonyms), for example ๐ช๐ธ๐ฌ (Spanish language) and ๐ธ๐ช๐ฅ (Swedish people).
The suffix ๐ท typically denotes a person working in a specific field if there is no single emoji to refer to the concept, for example ๐งโ๐ซ (teacher) exists, but the profession ๐ฆ๐ท (banker, literally bank-worker) must be expressed by compounding.
In general, the abstraction suffix ๐ can be used to refer to the abstract category of something. For example, while ๐ refers to a specific fruit (apple), ๐๐ refers to any type of fruit. This sometimes necessary, when the meaning of a specific emoji would otherwise be too narrow.
7.2 Flag spelling
Proper names that do not appear in the emoji lexicon, can be spelled using flag emoji. In this case, the flag emoji are used to represent letters of the Latin alphabet, which are not available as emoji.
In proper names, flags stand for the first letter of their country's name, according to the following table:
Flag | Letter | Country name |
---|---|---|
๐บ๐ธ | A | America |
๐ง๐ท | B | Brazil |
๐จ๐ฆ | C | Canada |
๐ฉ๐ฐ | D | Denmark |
๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ | E | England |
๐ซ๐ท | F | France |
๐ฌ๐ญ | G | Ghana |
๐ญ๐ฐ | H | Hong Kong |
๐ฎ๐ธ | I | Iceland |
๐ฏ๐ฒ | J | Jamaica |
๐ฐ๐ช | K | Kenya |
๐ฑ๐ฆ | L | Laos |
๐ฒ๐ฝ | M | Mexico |
๐ณ๐ต | N | Nepal |
๐ด๐ฒ | O | Oman |
๐ต๐ฐ | P | Pakistan |
๐ถ๐ฆ | Q | Qatar |
๐ท๐บ | R | Russia |
๐จ๐ญ | S | Switzerland |
๐น๐ท | T | Turkey |
๐บ๐พ | U | Uruguay |
๐ป๐ณ | V | Vietnam |
๐ผ๐ซ | W | Wallis & Futuna |
๐ค | X | (no country available) |
๐พ๐ช | Y | Yemen |
๐ณ๐ฟ | Z | New Zealand |
When a name is spelled using flags, it is usually assumed that it is a personโs name, unless something else can be assumed from context.
To remove this ambiguity, a flag name is typically suffixed with a "class noun" emoji that represents a person, country, animal etc., for example:
Flag spelling | Translation | Class |
---|---|---|
๐ฐ๐ช๐บ๐ธ๐น๐ท๐ญ๐ฐ๐พ๐ช๐ฉ | "Kathy" | woman |
๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐จ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ธ๐ณ๐ต๐ฐ๐ช๐ฎ๐ธ๐๏ธ | "Helsinki" | city |
๐น๐ท๐ฎ๐ธ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ๐จ๐ญ๐ฐ | "Times" | newspaper |
Note that the Emoji Language has undergone a "spelling reform" in June 2021. In the original version, "G", "I", and "J" were represented using the country flags of Greece (๐ฌ๐ท), India (๐ฎ๐ณ), and Japan (๐ฏ๐ต), respectively, so you might still encounter them in early Emoji Language texts.
The spelling has been changed because the names of these countries start with different letters in their native language (Ellรกda, Bhฤrat, and Nippon, respectively) compared to their English names.
The goal is to use country names with matching endonym and exonym8 instead, to make the corresponding letters more easily recognizable and avoid any ambiguity. For the letter "O", currently no country matching this criterion is available, so the flag of Oman (๐ด๐ฒ, โUmฤn) has been kept.
8 Appendix
8.1 Morphosyntax overview
Sentence: Verb (Subject (Object)) (Place/Motion ...) (Time) Noun: (Interrog..)(Loc.|Ins.|Ben.|Equ.)(Dem.)(Poss.)(Quant.)(Adj.)Noun Stem(Pl.) Verb: (Imp.|Interrog.)(Mood)(Neg.)(Quant.)(Adverb)Verb Stem(Tense) Adjective/Adverb: Stem(Comparison) Noun Stem: Root | Pers. Pronoun | Dem. Pronoun | Name | Compound Name: Flag(...)(Class Noun) Compound: Noun Stem ...
For more details, see also the sections about Subordinate clauses and Conjunctions.
9 Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Manfred Hรผbner [หmanfreหd หhyหbnษ] for bringing up the question if a pure emoji language would be possible, and for proofreading my drafts.
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Definition |
---|---|
1 | first person |
2 | second person |
3 | third person |
ACC | accusative |
BEN | benefactive |
DIST | distal |
FUT | future |
IMP | imperative |
INS | instrumental |
NEG | negative |
NOM | nominative |
PL | plural |
POSS | possessive |
PROX | proximal |
PRS | present |
PST | past |
REFL | reflexive |
REL | relative |
SG | singular |
ABIL | abilitive |
DESI | desiderative |
HORT | hortative |
INT | interrogative |
JUSS | jussive |
OBLI | obligative |
ORD | ordinal |
PERM | permissive |
SUB | subordinate (content) clause |
- See http://randomguy32.de/unicode/misc/rejected-emoji-proposals/ โฉ๏ธ
- See https://unicode.org/emoji/charts-13.0/emoji-counts.html โฉ๏ธ
- See https://unicode.org/emoji/charts-13.0/emoji-variants.html for a complete list. โฉ๏ธ
- Note that CLDR Short Names may change in the future. For more information about CLDR, see: https://unicode.org/emoji/format.html#col-name โฉ๏ธ
- See https://unicode.org/emoji/proposals.html โฉ๏ธ
- Not "a door that is made from chocolate and leads to a factory", which would be "right grouping". โฉ๏ธ
- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keycap regarding the etymology of "keycap". โฉ๏ธ
- See the article "List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages" on the English Wikipedia, for example. โฉ๏ธ
Copyright © 2021-2022 by Thomas Heller [ˈtoːmas ˈhɛlɐ]